Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: The influence of changes in glycolysis level on myopia. A-B. HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA expression detected by Western blot in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 4w and 6w. Samples derived from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. C-D. HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA expression detected by Western blot in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, group in 4w and 6w. Samples derived from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. E-L. Bar graphs of Western blot analysis for HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group in 4w and 6w. (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). M-T. Bar graphs of Western blot analysis for HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 4w and 6w. (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). U. HK2, PFKL, LDHA, NRF2 and Keap1 immunofluorescence staining in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 6w.

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Derivative Assay, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: Glycolysis influences the effect of oxidative phosphorylation on myopia. A. Single-cell sequencing KEGG analysis. B. Mitochondrial membrane potential detection in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups at 6 weeks. C. ROS detection in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups at 6 weeks. D. Bar graphs of Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). E. Bar graphs of Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗P < 0.05). F. Bar graphs of ROS analysis in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group (∗P < 0.05). G. Bar graphs of ROS analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). H. Bar graphs of LA analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). I. Mitochondrial respiratory function in the retina after 6 weeks of myopia induction. J. Bar graphs of basal mitochondrial respiration analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05). K. Bar graphs of maximal mitochondrial respiration analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01). L. Glycolytic function in the retina after 6 weeks of myopia induction. M. Bar graphs of glycolytic capacity analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01). N. Bar graphs of glycolytic reserve analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05) NC: normal control, LIM: lens-induced myopia, Empty: (LIM + empty AAV vector), HK2-1μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 1 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-3μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 3 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-5μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 5 μL intravitreal injection), LIM+2DG: (LIM + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), LIM + PBS: (LIM + PBS intraperitoneal injection), NC+2DG: (NC + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), NC + PBS: (NC + PBS intraperitoneal injection).

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Single Cell, Sequencing, Membrane, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Injection

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: HK2 interacts with KEAP1 and regulates the development of myopia. A. KEAP1 and HK2 molecules docking. B. The protein interaction between KEAP1 and HK2 was analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation. C. The mean values of refraction in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl groups (∗∗∗P < 0.001). D. The mean values of refraction in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups ((∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05)). E. The mean values of axial length in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl groups (∗∗P < 0.01). F. The mean values of axial length in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05). ROS: Reactive oxygen species, NC: normal control, LIM: lens-induced myopia, Empty: (LIM + empty AAV vector), HK2-1μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 1 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-3μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 3 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-5μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 5 μL intravitreal injection), LIM+2DG: (LIM + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), LIM + PBS: (LIM + PBS intraperitoneal injection), NC+2DG: (NC + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), NC + PBS: (NC + PBS intraperitoneal injection).

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Injection

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Cadmium-induced apoptosis via ROS/JNK pathway in chicken primary kidney cells and antagonism of taxifolin

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106920

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cd-induced apoptosis of chicken primary kidney cells and the antagonistic effect of Tax. (A) AO/EB staining results of chicken kidney cells. Normal cells were green; apoptotic cells were orange; necrotic cells were red (scale bar, 200 μm). (B) Hoechst 33258 staining results of chicken kidney cells (scale bar, 200 μm). (C) Quantitative analysis of apoptotic cells detected by Hoechst 33258 staining. (D) The apoptosis level of primary kidney cells was detected by flow cytometry. (E) Quantitative analysis of the distribution of primary kidney cells in flow cytometry results. * Indicates a significant difference between DMSO group and Cd group (n=10; * P < 0.05). # Indicates a significant difference between Cd + Tax group and Cd group (n=10; # P < 0.05). Results are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA or unpaired Student’s t-test.

Article Snippet: The chicken primary kidney cells were randomly divided into 4 groups and inoculated into a 12-well plate: the C group (without any treatment), the DMSO group (treated with 0.1 % DMSO solvent, Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd.), CdCl 2 + Tax group (treated with 67 μL of 7.5 μg/mL CdCl 2 + 14 μL of 0.15 μg/mL Tax), the CdCl 2 group (treated with 67 μL of 7.5 μg/mL CdCl 2 ). (The cells were pretreated with Tax for 12 h before adding CdCl 2 and culturing for 24 h).

Techniques: Staining, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Cadmium-induced apoptosis via ROS/JNK pathway in chicken primary kidney cells and antagonism of taxifolin

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106920

Figure Lengend Snippet: Determination of antioxidant capacity and ROS in chicken primary kidney cells treated with Cd and Cd + Tax. (A) Activities of LPO, GST, CAT, HO-1, SOD1, SOD2, NQO1, GCLC, GCLM, GPX1, and GSH. Data are represented as the mean ± SD. * Indicates a significant difference between DMSO group and Cd group (n=10; * P < 0.05). # Indicates a significant difference between Cd + Tax group and Cd group ( n = 10; # P < 0.05). “C”: Control group, “DMSO”: DMSO group, “Cd + Tax”: Cd + Tax group, “Cd”: Cd group. (B) ROS production in chicken primary kidney cells (scale bar, 200 μm). (C) Quantification of ROS levels by Image J. * Indicates a significant difference between DMSO group and Cd group (n=10; * P < 0.05). # Indicates a significant difference between Cd + Tax group and Cd group ( n = 10; # P < 0.05). Results are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA or unpaired Student’s t-test.

Article Snippet: The chicken primary kidney cells were randomly divided into 4 groups and inoculated into a 12-well plate: the C group (without any treatment), the DMSO group (treated with 0.1 % DMSO solvent, Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd.), CdCl 2 + Tax group (treated with 67 μL of 7.5 μg/mL CdCl 2 + 14 μL of 0.15 μg/mL Tax), the CdCl 2 group (treated with 67 μL of 7.5 μg/mL CdCl 2 ). (The cells were pretreated with Tax for 12 h before adding CdCl 2 and culturing for 24 h).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Cadmium-induced apoptosis via ROS/JNK pathway in chicken primary kidney cells and antagonism of taxifolin

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106920

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of Tax on gene expression of the JNK pathway in Cd-induced apoptosis of chicken primary kidney cells. (A) Molecular docking results between Tax and JNK. (B) Cellular Thermal Shift Assay to verify the interaction between Tax and JNK. (C) Relative protein expression of p-JNK/JNK and relative mRNA expression of JNK. * Indicates a significant difference between DMSO group and Cd group (n=10; * P < 0.05). # Indicates a significant difference between Cd + Tax group and Cd group ( n = 10; # P < 0.05). Results are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA or unpaired Student’s t-test.

Article Snippet: The chicken primary kidney cells were randomly divided into 4 groups and inoculated into a 12-well plate: the C group (without any treatment), the DMSO group (treated with 0.1 % DMSO solvent, Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd.), CdCl 2 + Tax group (treated with 67 μL of 7.5 μg/mL CdCl 2 + 14 μL of 0.15 μg/mL Tax), the CdCl 2 group (treated with 67 μL of 7.5 μg/mL CdCl 2 ). (The cells were pretreated with Tax for 12 h before adding CdCl 2 and culturing for 24 h).

Techniques: Gene Expression, Thermal Shift Assay, Expressing

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Cadmium-induced apoptosis via ROS/JNK pathway in chicken primary kidney cells and antagonism of taxifolin

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106920

Figure Lengend Snippet: Protein and mRNA expression levels of genes related to the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in chicken primary kidney cells. (A) Protein levels of Bad, Bid, Bcl-2, Bax, Bak, DIABLO, XIAP, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9. (B) Analysis of OD values of all proteins by Image J. (C) mRNA levels of Bad, Bid, Bcl-2, Bax, Bak, DIABLO, XIAP, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9. * Indicates a significant difference between DMSO group and Cd group ( n = 10; * P < 0.05). # Indicates a significant difference between Cd + Tax group and Cd group ( n = 10; # P < 0.05). Results are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA or unpaired Student’s t-test.

Article Snippet: The chicken primary kidney cells were randomly divided into 4 groups and inoculated into a 12-well plate: the C group (without any treatment), the DMSO group (treated with 0.1 % DMSO solvent, Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd.), CdCl 2 + Tax group (treated with 67 μL of 7.5 μg/mL CdCl 2 + 14 μL of 0.15 μg/mL Tax), the CdCl 2 group (treated with 67 μL of 7.5 μg/mL CdCl 2 ). (The cells were pretreated with Tax for 12 h before adding CdCl 2 and culturing for 24 h).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Recovery of motor function over an eight-week period following SCI, as assessed by the BBB test. The graph displays the BBB scores from day 1 through week 8 for the four experimental groups. Notably, animals in the exosome-treated group exhibited significantly enhanced functional recovery in comparison with those in the contusion group (**** P < 0.0001). (B) Sensory-motor coordination was evaluated using the Narrow Beam Test (NBT) over an eight-week period following SCI. The performance of the four experimental groups is illustrated in the graph. Prior to the SCI induction, all rats navigated the beam without difficulty. However, post-injury, they displayed significant challenges in traversing the beam, exhibiting poor foot placement. By the conclusion of the experiment, the group treated with exosomes demonstrated substantial improvement in performance compared to the contusion group, with a significance level of **** P < 0.0001. (C) Assessment of locomotor activity using the open-field test among the experimental groups. The graph illustrates the distances traveled by the rats throughout the experiment. Rats in the exosome treatment group demonstrated significantly higher locomotor activity, traveling greater distances compared to those in the contusion-only group. In contrast, the contusion group exhibited notably lower levels of locomotor activity(**** P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: In the contusion group, NeuN signal is markedly reduced, In the exosome-treated group, NeuN signal is partially preserved compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Functional Assay, Comparison, Activity Assay

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Western blot analysis was conducted eight weeks post-SCI to assess the changes in levels of IL-1β, IL-6, Caspase-3, and β-actin (A) . The results revealed a notable reduction in the expression of these markers in the exosome-treated group when compared to the contusion groupQuantification represents the mean of three biological replicates (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, **** P < 0.0001) (B).

Article Snippet: In the contusion group, NeuN signal is markedly reduced, In the exosome-treated group, NeuN signal is partially preserved compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sections of the spinal cord from the four experimental groups were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E): A, D) Laminectomy only; B, E) Contusion injury; C, F) Contusion + Exosomes. The stained sections were photographed using a microscope equipped with an integrated camera (Upper panel A-F). In the lower panel the assessment of Neural Cell Density, spinal cord and cavity volume (mm³). Representative images used for the statistical quantification shown in panels A–D are provided in . (A) Glial Cell Density: The analysis of glial cell density (cells ×1000/µm³) from the representative images demonstrated that the exosome-treated group exhibited lower glial cell density, reflecting a reduction in gliosis compared to the other groups. (B) Neural Cell Density: The quantification of neural cell density (cells × 1000/µm³) quantified from the representative images, indicated that the exosome-treated group had a higher neural cell density relative to the contusion-only and PBS-treated groups. (C) Cavity volume demonstrated a marked reduction in the exosome-treated group when compared to both the contusion and PBS-treated groups, with no cavity observed in the laminectomy group. (D) Spinal volume demonstrated a marked increase in the exosome-treated group compared to both the contusion and PBS-treated groups (* P < 0.5, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001) receptively.

Article Snippet: In the contusion group, NeuN signal is markedly reduced, In the exosome-treated group, NeuN signal is partially preserved compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Staining, Microscopy

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Real time PCR analysis of miR-19a-3p, miR-19b-3p, miR-27b and miR-24 expression across the experimental groups: Laminectomy, Contusion, Contusion + PBS and Contusion + Exosomes. The findings reveal that exosome therapy leads to a notable reduction in miR-19a-3p (A) and miR-19b-3p (B) expression, suggesting that the exosome-treated group exhibits significantly lower levels of miR-19a-3p and miR-19b-3p compared to the Contusion group and notable increase in miR-27b (C) and miR-24 (D) in the exosome-treated group in comparison with contusion group (**** P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: In the contusion group, NeuN signal is markedly reduced, In the exosome-treated group, NeuN signal is partially preserved compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Comparison

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative immunofluorescence images of spinal cord sections from two experimental groups. Contusion (A, B, C), and Contusion + Exosome (D, E, F). DAPI counterstain (A, D) with NeuN staining (B, E) and merge (C, F), showing neuronal distribution. In the contusion group, NeuN signal is markedly reduced, In the exosome-treated group, NeuN signal is partially preserved compared with the contusion group.

Article Snippet: In the contusion group, NeuN signal is markedly reduced, In the exosome-treated group, NeuN signal is partially preserved compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative immunofluorescence images of spinal cord sections from two experimental groups. Contusion (A, B, C), and Contusion + Exosome (D, E, F). DAPI counterstain (A, D) with GFAP staining (B, E) and merge (C, F). In the contusion group, GFAP expression is upregulated with hypertrophic astrocytes forming dense glial scarring. In the exosome-treated group GFAP reactivity is attenuated compared with the contusion group.

Article Snippet: In the contusion group, NeuN signal is markedly reduced, In the exosome-treated group, NeuN signal is partially preserved compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Recovery of motor function over an eight-week period following SCI, as assessed by the BBB test. The graph displays the BBB scores from day 1 through week 8 for the four experimental groups. Notably, animals in the exosome-treated group exhibited significantly enhanced functional recovery in comparison with those in the contusion group (**** P < 0.0001). (B) Sensory-motor coordination was evaluated using the Narrow Beam Test (NBT) over an eight-week period following SCI. The performance of the four experimental groups is illustrated in the graph. Prior to the SCI induction, all rats navigated the beam without difficulty. However, post-injury, they displayed significant challenges in traversing the beam, exhibiting poor foot placement. By the conclusion of the experiment, the group treated with exosomes demonstrated substantial improvement in performance compared to the contusion group, with a significance level of **** P < 0.0001. (C) Assessment of locomotor activity using the open-field test among the experimental groups. The graph illustrates the distances traveled by the rats throughout the experiment. Rats in the exosome treatment group demonstrated significantly higher locomotor activity, traveling greater distances compared to those in the contusion-only group. In contrast, the contusion group exhibited notably lower levels of locomotor activity(**** P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: In the exosome-treated group GFAP reactivity is attenuated compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Functional Assay, Comparison, Activity Assay

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Western blot analysis was conducted eight weeks post-SCI to assess the changes in levels of IL-1β, IL-6, Caspase-3, and β-actin (A) . The results revealed a notable reduction in the expression of these markers in the exosome-treated group when compared to the contusion groupQuantification represents the mean of three biological replicates (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, **** P < 0.0001) (B).

Article Snippet: In the exosome-treated group GFAP reactivity is attenuated compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sections of the spinal cord from the four experimental groups were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E): A, D) Laminectomy only; B, E) Contusion injury; C, F) Contusion + Exosomes. The stained sections were photographed using a microscope equipped with an integrated camera (Upper panel A-F). In the lower panel the assessment of Neural Cell Density, spinal cord and cavity volume (mm³). Representative images used for the statistical quantification shown in panels A–D are provided in . (A) Glial Cell Density: The analysis of glial cell density (cells ×1000/µm³) from the representative images demonstrated that the exosome-treated group exhibited lower glial cell density, reflecting a reduction in gliosis compared to the other groups. (B) Neural Cell Density: The quantification of neural cell density (cells × 1000/µm³) quantified from the representative images, indicated that the exosome-treated group had a higher neural cell density relative to the contusion-only and PBS-treated groups. (C) Cavity volume demonstrated a marked reduction in the exosome-treated group when compared to both the contusion and PBS-treated groups, with no cavity observed in the laminectomy group. (D) Spinal volume demonstrated a marked increase in the exosome-treated group compared to both the contusion and PBS-treated groups (* P < 0.5, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001) receptively.

Article Snippet: In the exosome-treated group GFAP reactivity is attenuated compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Staining, Microscopy

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Real time PCR analysis of miR-19a-3p, miR-19b-3p, miR-27b and miR-24 expression across the experimental groups: Laminectomy, Contusion, Contusion + PBS and Contusion + Exosomes. The findings reveal that exosome therapy leads to a notable reduction in miR-19a-3p (A) and miR-19b-3p (B) expression, suggesting that the exosome-treated group exhibits significantly lower levels of miR-19a-3p and miR-19b-3p compared to the Contusion group and notable increase in miR-27b (C) and miR-24 (D) in the exosome-treated group in comparison with contusion group (**** P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: In the exosome-treated group GFAP reactivity is attenuated compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Comparison

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative immunofluorescence images of spinal cord sections from two experimental groups. Contusion (A, B, C), and Contusion + Exosome (D, E, F). DAPI counterstain (A, D) with NeuN staining (B, E) and merge (C, F), showing neuronal distribution. In the contusion group, NeuN signal is markedly reduced, In the exosome-treated group, NeuN signal is partially preserved compared with the contusion group.

Article Snippet: In the exosome-treated group GFAP reactivity is attenuated compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative immunofluorescence images of spinal cord sections from two experimental groups. Contusion (A, B, C), and Contusion + Exosome (D, E, F). DAPI counterstain (A, D) with GFAP staining (B, E) and merge (C, F). In the contusion group, GFAP expression is upregulated with hypertrophic astrocytes forming dense glial scarring. In the exosome-treated group GFAP reactivity is attenuated compared with the contusion group.

Article Snippet: In the exosome-treated group GFAP reactivity is attenuated compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing

Journal: Journal of Translational Autoimmunity

Article Title: Ruxolitinib reverses alopecia areata via a triple mechanism: JAK-STAT inhibition, localized oxidative stress attenuation and selective apoptosis modulation

doi: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2026.100367

Figure Lengend Snippet: Ruxolitinib promotes hair regrowth in a C3H/HeJ mouse model of alopecia areata. Hair loss was assessed weekly in the healthy control, AA, and ruxolitinib-treated groups from day 1 to 98. (A) Representative macroscopic images of dorsal skin from healthy control, AA model, and ruxolitinib-treated mice at the indicated time points. Progressive hair regrowth is evident in the ruxolitinib-treated group from Day 29 onward. (B) Clinical hair loss scores assessed weekly over the 98-day treatment period. Ruxolitinib treatment significantly reduced hair loss scores compared to the AA model group from day 85 until study endpoint. Data is presented as mean ± SD (n = 8 mice per group). Statistical significance versus the AA group was determined by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test (∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: Mice were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 8 per group): the AA group (vehicle-treated) and the ruxolitinib-treated group (50 mg/kg/day; MedChemExpress, HY-50856).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Journal of Translational Autoimmunity

Article Title: Ruxolitinib reverses alopecia areata via a triple mechanism: JAK-STAT inhibition, localized oxidative stress attenuation and selective apoptosis modulation

doi: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2026.100367

Figure Lengend Snippet: Ruxolitinib attenuates perifollicular T cell infiltration in AA mice. (A, D, G) Representative immunofluorescence images of CD3 + , CD4 + , and CD8 + T cells (respectively) in skin sections from the healthy control, AA, and ruxolitinib-treated mice. (B, E, H) Quantification of the CD3 + , CD4 + , and CD8 + T positive area, respectively, expressed as a percentage of the total tissue area. (C, F, I) Quantification of the optical density for CD3 + , CD4 + , and CD8 + T cells, respectively. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 4 mice per group). Statistical significance versus the AA group was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test for CD4 + , and by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test for CD3 + and CD8 + (∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: Mice were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 8 per group): the AA group (vehicle-treated) and the ruxolitinib-treated group (50 mg/kg/day; MedChemExpress, HY-50856).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Control

Journal: Journal of Translational Autoimmunity

Article Title: Ruxolitinib reverses alopecia areata via a triple mechanism: JAK-STAT inhibition, localized oxidative stress attenuation and selective apoptosis modulation

doi: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2026.100367

Figure Lengend Snippet: Ruxolitinib reduces CD8 + T cell infiltration and p-STAT1 and p-STAT3 expression in AA skin. (A, D, G) Representative immunofluorescence images for CD8 + T cells, p-STAT1, and p-STAT3 (respectively) in skin sections from the control, AA, and ruxolitinib-treated mice. (B, E, H) Quantification of the immunofluorescence-positive area for CD8 + T cells, p-STAT1, and p-STAT3, respectively. (C, F, I) Quantification of the optical density for CD8 + T cells, p-STAT1, and p-STAT3, respectively. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 4 mice per group). Statistical significance versus the AA group was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test for STAT1 and STAT3 data, and by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test for CD8 + data (∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: Mice were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 8 per group): the AA group (vehicle-treated) and the ruxolitinib-treated group (50 mg/kg/day; MedChemExpress, HY-50856).

Techniques: Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Control

Journal: Journal of Translational Autoimmunity

Article Title: Ruxolitinib reverses alopecia areata via a triple mechanism: JAK-STAT inhibition, localized oxidative stress attenuation and selective apoptosis modulation

doi: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2026.100367

Figure Lengend Snippet: Ruxolitinib reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in serum and skin of AA mice . Concentrations of key inflammatory mediators implicated in AA pathogenesis were quantified in serum and skin homogenates from healthy control, AA, and ruxolitinib-treated mice using a multiplex electrochemiluminescence (MSD) assay. (A-C) Serum levels of IFN-γ (A), TNF-α (B), and IL-5 (C). (D-I) Skin tissue levels of IFN-γ (D), TNF-α (E), KC/GRO (F), IL-5 (G), IL-6 (H), and IL-10 (I), normalized to total protein content. Ruxolitinib treatment (50 mg/kg/day, oral gavage for 98 days) significantly reduced the elevated levels of all measured cytokines compared to the untreated AA group, with the most pronounced reductions observed for IFN-γ and TNF-α in both compartments. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 8 mice per group, each assayed in duplicate). Statistical significance versus the AA group was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test (∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: Mice were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 8 per group): the AA group (vehicle-treated) and the ruxolitinib-treated group (50 mg/kg/day; MedChemExpress, HY-50856).

Techniques: Control, Multiplex Assay, Electrochemiluminescence

Journal: Journal of Translational Autoimmunity

Article Title: Ruxolitinib reverses alopecia areata via a triple mechanism: JAK-STAT inhibition, localized oxidative stress attenuation and selective apoptosis modulation

doi: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2026.100367

Figure Lengend Snippet: Ruxolitinib reduces MDA levels and normalizes SOD activity in the skin, but not serum, of AA mice . Markers of oxidative stress were quantified in samples from healthy control, AA, and ruxolitinib-treated mice. (A, B) MDA concentration in serum (A) and skin homogenate (B), normalized to total protein content for skin samples. (C, D) SOD activity in serum (C) and skin homogenate (D), expressed as % for skin samples. Ruxolitinib treatment significantly reduced skin MDA levels and normalized skin SOD activity compared to the untreated AA group, whereas no significant changes were observed in serum for either marker. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 8 mice per group, each assayed in duplicate). Statistical significance levels are denoted as: ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001 vs . the AA group. Statistical significance versus the AA group was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test (∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: Mice were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 8 per group): the AA group (vehicle-treated) and the ruxolitinib-treated group (50 mg/kg/day; MedChemExpress, HY-50856).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Control, Concentration Assay, Marker

Journal: Journal of Translational Autoimmunity

Article Title: Ruxolitinib reverses alopecia areata via a triple mechanism: JAK-STAT inhibition, localized oxidative stress attenuation and selective apoptosis modulation

doi: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2026.100367

Figure Lengend Snippet: Ruxolitinib attenuates keratinocyte apoptosis, but does not alter autophagy flux, in the skin of AA mice . Protein levels of apoptosis and autophagy markers were assessed in skin lysates from healthy control, AA, and ruxolitinib-treated mice by Western blot. (A) Representative Western blot images for cleaved caspase-3 (apoptosis marker) and LC3-II (autophagy marker), with GAPDH serving as the loading control. (B, C) Quantification of cleaved caspase-3 (B) and LC3-II (C) protein levels, normalized to GAPDH and expressed as fold change relative to the control group. Ruxolitinib treatment significantly reduced the elevated cleaved caspase-3 levels observed in AA mice, whereas no significant change in LC3-II conversion was detected, indicating that autophagy was not substantially involved under these conditions. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 4 mice per group). Statistical significance versus the AA group was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test (∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: Mice were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 8 per group): the AA group (vehicle-treated) and the ruxolitinib-treated group (50 mg/kg/day; MedChemExpress, HY-50856).

Techniques: Control, Western Blot, Marker